There are four central aspects to the Latin numeral:
- The cardinal: ūnus, duo, trēs, quattuor
- The ordinal: prīmus, secundus, tertius, quārtus
- The distributive: singulī, bīnī, ternī, quaternī
- The adverb: semel, bis, ter, quater
What is are numeral adverbs?
- Like English numeral adverbs, Latin numeral adverbs answer the question ‘how many times was something done?’
- How many times does Scylla engulf the strait each day? Thrice. [She does action x three times.]
[Side note: I first discovered the word ‘thrice’ while reading Homer in 6th grade. It’s probably the only moment of ‘word recognition’ that I can remember having. Does anyone else have stories about learning new words as a kid? I’d love to hear them in the comments.]
Here are the Latin adverbs (they answer quotiēns / quotiēs? How many times?).
1-10
- once, semel
- twice, bis
- thrice, ter
- four times, quater
- five times, quīnuiēns (or quīnquiēs, and sic for all numeral adverbs in -ēns)
- six times, sexiēns
- seven times, septiēns
- eight times, octiēns
- nine times, noviēns
- ten times, deciēns
11-19
- eleven times, ūndeciēns
- twelve times, duodeciēns
- thirteen times, terdeciēns
- fourteen times, quaterdeciēns
- fifteen times, quīndeciēns
- sixteen times, sēdeciēns
- seventeen times, septiēnsdeciēns
- eighteen times, duodēvīciēns
- nineteen times, ūndēvīciēns
20-99
- twenty times, vīciēns
- twenty-one times, semel vīciēns or vīcīens et semel or vīciēns semel (and sic for all numbers 21-99)
- twenty-two times, bis vīciēns
- twenty-nine times, ūndētrīciēns
- thirty times, trīciēns
- forty times, quadrāgiēns
- fifty times, quīnquāgiēns
- sixty times, sexāgiēns
- seventy times, septuāgiēns
- eighty times, octōgiēns
- ninety times, nōnāgiēns
100+
- 100 times, centiēns
- 200 times, ducentiēns
- 300 times, trecentiēns
- 400 times, quadringentiēns
- 500 times, quīngentiēns
- 600 times, sescentiēns
- 700 times, septingentiēns
- 800 times, octingentiēns
- 900 times, nōngentiēns
- 1000 times, mīliēns
- 2000 times, bis mīliēns
- 10,000 times, deciēns mīliēns
